Classical Function Word Query

Look up usages, meanings and example sentences for classical function words.

I. Tool

Operation

particle · pronoun · verb
  1. 1. genitive 'of'
    王之寶器
    Mencius
  2. 2. object pronoun 'him, it'
    取而代之
    Shiji
  3. 3. nominalises a clause
    師道之不傳也久矣
    Han Yu, 師說
  4. 4. verb: to go to
    吾欲之南海
    Liezi

24 function words, 72 attested senses with citations.

II. Principle

How it works

A curated dataset of classical Chinese function words (虛詞) with grammatical role, register, meaning senses and canonical example sentences.
III. Guide

User guide

  1. 01Enter a function word (e.g. 之, 於, 而, 乃).
  2. 02Read the numbered sense list; each sense includes an example with source attribution.
IV. FAQ

Frequently asked

Q.Can I search by grammatical role?

A.Yes — use the role filter (conjunction, particle, pronoun, preposition).